Monkeypox—now known as Mpox—has emerged as a significant public health concern in recent years, especially following the global outbreak that began in 2022. Although historically rare, the virus has spread beyond its traditional confines in Central and West Africa, reaching countries across Europe, the Americas, and other regions. This article delves into the key aspects of monkeypox, from understanding its transmission to exploring prevention strategies and available treatments.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is a viral disease caused by the Mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the smallpox virus. While it primarily affects rodents and non-human primates, it can also infect humans. The disease was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys, hence the name “monkeypox.” However, its primary hosts are rodents, not monkeys.
Symptoms of Mpox
Mpox symptoms typically begin 3 to 17 days after exposure to the virus. Flu-like symptoms are frequently present with the illness and include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches and backaches
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Chills
- Fatigue
After the initial symptoms, a skin rash usually appears within 1 to 4 days. This rash often starts on the face, hands, or feet but can also begin in the genital area, mouth, or throat, especially in the 2022 outbreak cases. The rash progresses through various stages, starting as flat spots, then becoming blisters filled with pus. Eventually, the blisters scab over and fall off, typically within 2 to 4 weeks.
How Does Mpox Spread?
Understanding how mpox spreads is crucial for preventing its transmission. Let us tell you that this virus spreads through close contact with an infected person or infected animal. This can occur in several ways:
- Person-to-Person Transmission: The virus can spread through direct contact with the rashes, scabs, or body fluids of an infected person. It can also spread through prolonged face-to-face contact (more than four hours) involving respiratory droplets, which may include sexual contact.
- Animal-to-Person Transmission: This occurs through bites, scratches, or direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or rashes of an infected animal. Handling contaminated materials like clothing or bedding used by an infected animal or person can also result in transmission.
- Contact with Contaminated Objects: Mpox can spread through contact with objects, fabrics, and surfaces that have not been disinfected after use by someone with mpox. This includes items like clothing, bedding, towels, and even sex toys.
Countries Affected by Mpox
Mpox was traditionally confined to Central and West Africa. However, since 2022, cases have been reported in countries with no previous history of the disease, including:
- United States
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Germany
- Canada
- Australia
These outbreaks have highlighted the potential for the virus to spread globally, particularly through international travel and close contact.
Is There a Monkeypox Vaccine?
Yes, there are vaccines available that can help prevent mpox infection. These vaccines were initially developed for smallpox but have shown efficacy against mpox due to the viruses’ genetic similarities.
- JYNNEOS® (Imvamune or Imvanex): This is the preferred vaccine for the current mpox outbreak. It is a live, non-replicating vaccine, making it safer for individuals with weakened immune systems.
- ACAM2000: This is another vaccine option, though it is a live, replicating vaccine and is not recommended for people with certain health conditions.
Who Should Get Vaccinated?
The CDC recommends vaccination for the following groups:
- People exposed to mpox: This includes those who have had close contact with someone diagnosed with mpox.
- People at risk of exposure: This includes healthcare workers, laboratory personnel working with orthopoxviruses, and individuals engaged in activities that increase the risk of exposure, such as hunting in areas where mpox is endemic.
Preventing Mpox
Prevention strategies for mpox focus on minimizing the risk of exposure. Here are some key measures:
- Avoid close contact with people or animals showing symptoms of mpox.
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after contact with potentially contaminated materials.
- Isolate infected individuals to prevent the spread of the virus to others.
- Use personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for someone with mpox or handling potentially contaminated materials.
Treatment for Mpox
While there is no specific antiviral treatment approved for mpox, the following measures can help manage the disease:
- Symptom Relief: Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms, including managing skin rashes, ensuring adequate hydration, and providing pain relief.
- Antiviral Medications: In some cases, healthcare providers may use antiviral drugs developed for smallpox, such as Tecovirimat (TPOXX) or Brincidofovir (Tembexa).
- Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG): This may be used for individuals unlikely to respond to the vaccine, offering antibodies from those vaccinated against smallpox.
Complications of Mpox
While mpox is generally less severe than smallpox, it can lead to complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Potential complications include:
- There are severe scars on the hands, face and legs.
- Blindness if the infection spreads to the eyes.
- Secondary infections due to open skin lesions.
- Death, although this is rare with the Clade II virus responsible for the 2022 outbreak.
Current Research and Future Directions
Research into mpox is ongoing, with scientists focusing on understanding the virus’s transmission dynamics, particularly the potential for asymptomatic spread and the role of sexual fluids in transmission. There is also ongoing investigation into the long-term efficacy of vaccines and the development of new antiviral treatments.
Stay Informed and Protected: If you suspect you have been exposed to mpox or show symptoms, seek medical advice immediately. Early diagnosis and isolation are key to preventing the spread of this virus.
Conclusion
Mpox, while rare, poses a significant public health challenge due to its potential for global spread and severe complications. Understanding the disease’s transmission, symptoms, and prevention strategies is crucial for mitigating its impact. Vaccination, particularly with the JYNNEOS® vaccine, plays a key role in preventing infection, especially among high-risk populations. As research continues, new insights will hopefully lead to more effective treatments and preventive measures, helping to control and eventually eradicate mpox.